In this study the surface of WC Powder particles coated by Ni-P electroless process and the effect of Powder proportion immersed in Ni-P electroless bath and the activation pretreatment on the Nickel content was evaluated by X-Ray florescence analysis. To investigate the effect of Powder proportion immersed in electroless bath, the activated Powder with Concentrations of 20 and 40 g/lit was added in electroless bath and the weight percent of Ni assessed to be 14.1 and 7.5% respectively. To evaluate the effect of activation process, WC Powder with Concentration of 20 g/lit was immersed in Ni-P electroless bath with and without activation process. By applying the activation process, the weight percent of Ni increased about 27%. An equation was proved to estimate the thickness of electroless layer. In this approach, the thickness of electroless layer in E20, E20P andE40P samples was calculated 0.08, 1.1 and 0.05 mm respectively. In XRD pattern of Ni-P coated WC, the W2C peaks were exhibited, because of the diffusion of hydrogen in structural defects.

Ultrafine hydroxyapatite (HAp) Powders with crystallite size in the range of 10-90 nm were synthesized by chemical precipitation process using Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 solutions as starting materials. Molar ratio of Ca/P=1.68 was kept constant throughout the process and alkaline condition for the reaction was maintained using ammonium hydroxide. The role of raw material Concentration on HAp crystallite size and morphology were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The results revealed that variations in crystallite size and morphology of synthesized HAp are strongly affected by the Concentration of acid solution. To study the sintering behavior of HAp particles, the Powders were pressed at 200 MPa using a uniaxial press. Sintering experiments were carried out at temperatures of 1100, 1250 and 1300°C with various soaking times at maximum temperatures. XRD was also used in determining thephases present after sintering process. The results indicated the decomposition of HAp into a-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and b-TCP phases at 1300°C. The microstructure of the sintered HAp ceramics was characterized by SEM.

In this experiment, the effect of garlic (GP) and tomato (TP) Powders on performance, blood parameters, sex differentiation and hatchability of Ross-308 broiler breeders were examined and compared with In-Ovo injection of garlic or tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. In first experiment, 375 hens and 25 roosters (47 wk.) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments and 5 replicates, for 4 weeks. Treatments included: 1) basal diet (control), 2 and 3) basal diet+ 2 and 4 percent of GP, and 4 and 5) basal diet + 2 and 4 percent of TP, respectively. In second experiment, 200 hens and 20 roosters were randomly allocated to 2 treatments including 1) basal diet and 2) basal diet + 4% of TP (selected treatment of the Exp. 1) in 5 replications from 52-56 wk. During incubation period, experimental treatments included: 1) control group, 2) eggs from hens fed 4% TP, 3) In-Ovo injection of physiological serum and 4 and 5) In-Ovo injection of 0.1 and 0.3 ml of garlic and tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. The results of first experiment, adding garlic and tomato Powders was not significant on egg qualitative traits and blood parameters (P>0.05). All In-Ovo injection treatments increased fertility percentage (P<0.05). The second experiment results showed that treatments had no significant effect on the percent of males and females (P>0.05). In general, addition of 4 percent tomato Powder to broiler breeders in comparison to In-Ovo injection of hydroalcoholic extracts of garlic and tomato, did not increase male 1-d-old chicks’ percentage of hatched chicks.

In this study, the effect of diatary supplementation of gpape pomace poweder (GP) was investigated on semen quality, serum testosterone levels and fertility of rossters in a broiler breeder stock. A total of 240 hens and 24 cocks at 31 weeks of age from Ross 308 strain were divided randomely into three experimental groups with 10 replicate within each (8 hens and 1 cock in each replicated). From week 32 to week 41, birds in the control group were given the standard basal diet, but in the treatment groups fed the basal diet supplemented with either 1. 5 or 3% of dried grape pomece on dry matter basis. At the end of experiment (week 41) some of the semen quality parameters, serum testosterone levels and the amount of hatchability was investigated in each experimental group. The results indicated that supplementation of grape pomace had no significant effect on semen volume and sperm Concentration of cocks (P>0. 05). Sperm motility, progresive motility and viability was higher significantly in the roosters receiving 1. 5 or 3% diatary GP compared to the control (P<0. 05), but sperm morphology and plasma membrane integrity were not affected by dietary treatment. Moereover, 3% GP supplementation effectively (P<0. 05) increased serum testosterone levels and hatchability percentage compared to the control group. In conclusion, the diatary addition of antioxidant fibers such as GP may improve rooster semen quality and concequently hatchability in the broiler breeder stocks.

A research was conducted to evaluate the effects of combined usage of garlic Powder (GP) and cupric sulfate pent hydrate (CS) as two different cholesterol-lowering supplements on blood serum and egg yolk cholesterol Concentration in laying hens. A total of one-hundred ninety two 40-wks-old Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) laying hens were selected in a completely randomized designed to four diets that included unsupplemental basal diet as control diet (CO), the basal diet supplemented with either 15 g/kg GP, 200 mg/kg CS, or both 15 g/kg GP and 200 mg/kg Cs for a period of 6 weeks. During the experimental period hens performance traits included body weight gain, egg production, egg and yolk weights, egg mass, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio were recorded. For statistical analysis, data were averaged by replicate for 6 wks period. At the end of the experimental period blood sernm and egg yolk samples were collected for cholesterol analysis. Supplementation of GP or CS to the basal diet had no significant (p>0.05) effect on overall performance in laying hens. A decrease in blood serum and egg yolk cholesterol Concentration was found (p<0.01) in birds fed GP, CS, and GP/CS diets in comparison with the unsupplemented diet birds (CO diet).Serum cholesterol levels were reduced by feeding GP, CS, or both by about 14, 20, and 28% respectively (p<0.01).Feeding GP or CS decreased egg yolk cholesterol about 6 and 12.5%, respectively (p<0.01), but feeding both GP and CS dell supplements had no further beneficial effect on egg yolk cholesterol.

Monitoring and evaluation of transformers are essential to prevent their insulation failure. In this paper, the use of 2-furan-carboxaldehyde (2-FAL) and methanol (MeOH) Concentrations as the main products of paper insulation degradation, and insulation condition markers, has been studied. In order to study the degradation process and production of degradation products, the thermal aging process of the transformer insulation system was implemented in laboratory conditions. The results of laboratory studies show that in the early stages of degradation the amount of MeOH is significant compared to 2-FAL. Also, the estimation of the degree of polymerization (DP) in the early stages of degradation (DP>800) through MeOH Concentration and with decreasing DP (DP <800) through 2-FAL Concentration is closer to the real value. The results of studies performed on 35 distribution transformers confirm the production of significant amounts of MeOH in the early stages of degradation. Also, the estimated DP values for the studied transformers were obtained through 2-FAL and MeOH Concentration. The results show that estimating the amount of DP through MeOH Concentration is associated with a probability of error of about 9% compared to estimating DP through 2-FAL Concentration.

Objective: To Study the effects of turpentine Powder on the Concentration of lipids and lipoproteins of rabbit (as an animal model for human studies).Design: Experimental Study.Animals: 30 healthy female rabbits.Procedure: 30 healthy female rabbits were chosen and then randomly allocated into 6 groups of 5 rabbits each. Different percent ages of turpentine Powder (10% and 100%) and oil compounds (vegetable oil, cholesterol and animal oil) were given to each group, separately. Blood serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were analyzed using routine laboratory methods.Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test.Results: Treatment with 10% and 100% turpentine Powder had significant decreasing effect on Serum triglyceride, cholesterol, total lipid, VLDL- cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (P<0.05) Moreover, it significantly increased the Serum HDL- cholesterol (P<0.05). Treatment with 10% vegetable oil had a significant increasing effect on the serum triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol (P<0.05). Following treatment with 10% animal oil, the Concentration of HDL cholesterol showed a significant (P<0.05) decreas while the Concentration of cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed a significant increase (P<0.05). After treatment with 1% cholesterol, the Concentration of serum HDL- cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion: treatment with turpentine Powder has significant effects on the levels of serum lipids and lipoproteins.

Introduction: In this study the effects of turpentine Powder on the Concentration of lipids and lipoproteins of rabbits (as an animal model for human studies) were studied. Materials and Methods: 30 healthy male rabbits were chosen and then randomly allocated into 6 groups. Different percents of turpentine Powder (10% and 100%) and oil compounds like vegetable oil, cholesterol and animal oil were given to each group (5 rabbits each) separately. Blood serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were analysed using routine laboratory methods.Results: Treatment with 10% and 100% turpentine Powder had a significant decreasing effect on triglycerides, cholesterol, total lipid, VLDL- cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol (p<0.05) and a significantly increasing effect on HDL- cholesterol (p<0.05). Treatment with 10% vegetable oil had a significantly increasing effect on triglyceride, cholesterol and lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL and HDL) (p<0.05). Following treatment with 10% animal oil, the Concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and total lipid decreased significantly (p<0. 05). After treatment with 1% cholesterol, the Concentrations of triglycerides, HDL- cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol significantly decreased (p<0.05), whereas, the Concentration of cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol significantly increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Treatment with turpentine Powder has a significantly decreasing effect on the levels of serum lipids and lipoproteins (VLDL-cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol).

Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a novel manufacturing technology, used for complex geometric parts at a high production rate. One of the most important parameters in this method is the selection of proper feedstock consisting of optimal Powder loading and an optimized binder system. The defects, which appear during the injection process, cannot be removed in later process stages and this is for the reason that the rheological behavior of the feedstock needs to be checked to make sure that it has the required injection properties. In this study, a multicomponent wax-based binder system has been selected in order to inject Fe-2Ni Powder. For this reason, a multi-component wax-based binder system with different percentages of constituents was used to produce 11 feed modes containing 60% vol. % of the Powder. Further, the viscosity and its variation with the shear rate for 11 developed samples have been measured. The results showed that the feedstock consisting of 66 vol. % Paraffin wax, 19 vol. % Polypropylene, 10 vol. % Carnauba wax and 5 vol. % Stearic Acid has the lowest viscosity and lowest sensitivity to the shear rate and this leads to the complete filling of the mold cavity and production of a healthy component for very complex geometries. After achieving the proper binder system, the critical Powder loading for the binder system was measured by 58 vol. % using torque rheometer.

Introduction: Aloe vera is used industrially for various purposes where it is employed in many food products including beverages, milk, etc. One factor that makes aloe vera gel difficult to store and transfer is its high moisture content. This might be handled by the application of methods such as drying and dehydration. The application of spray drier to produce high Quality Powder is a suitable method. The product obtained from this process contains smaller particles with a better particle size distribution, appearance, texture, drop characteristics, compressibility, mass density, dispersibility, and solubility index. Materials and Methods: In this research, the drying of Aloe Vera gel was studied using a spray dryer in four different temperatures of 135, 145, 155 and 175° C and different Arabic gum Concentration of %0, %1. 5 and %3. Among the 12 produced samples, the two samples dried at 145 and 175 degrees Celsius and gum Concentration of %1. 5 with desira conditions in terms of humidity, solubility and efficiency were studied for comparative tests such as pH, moisture, antioxidants capacity, level of aloin, size and shape evaluation by an electron microscope, particle color and size using the available samples on the market by applying one-way ANOVA test and Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a confidence level of %95. Results: The samples with higher input temperature and less process time contained more antioxidant capacity and aloin, with less quality degradation and have shown better qualitative results. Conclusion: The sample dried at the temperature of 175° C and gum Concentration of %1. 5 was selected as the preferred sample in terms of the parameters used for this research.